گرامر : گذشته کامل یا past perfect
Past Perfect
گرامر : گذشته کامل – past Perfect
FORM
[Subject+had + past participle]
:Examples
.You had studied English before you moved to New York
?Had you studied English before you moved to New York
.You had not studied English before you moved to New York
USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past
کاربرد ۱ : کاری که قبل از اتفاق یا چیز خاصی در گذشته انجام گرفته است
The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past
زمان گذشته کامل ، چیزی را شرح می دهد که قبل از اتفاق دیگری در زمان گذشته رخ داده باشد .هم چنین می تواند نشان دهنده این باشد که اتفاقی در گذشته قبل از یک زمان خاص در گذشته اتفاق افتاده است .
:Examples
.I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai
.I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet
.Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times
؟Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand
.She only understood the movie because she had read the book
.Kristine had never been to an opera before last night
.We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance
A: Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006؟
.B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before
(USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs
کاربرد ۲ : یک دوره قبل از چیزی که که در گذشته وجود داشته است.
With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past
بوسیله برخی افعال غیر استمراری یا حالت غیر استمراری از افعال چند حالتی ، حال ساده را برای نشان دادن چیزی که در گذشته شروع شده و تا یک عمل دیگر در مان گذشته ادامه داشته است استفاده می کنیم .
:Examples
We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.
They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years.
Although the above use of Past Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words “live,” “work,” “teach,” and “study” are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs
اگر چه در مثال های بالا استفاده از گذشته کامل محدود به افعال غیر استمراری است . اما بدانید که افعال ( زندگی کردن – کار کردن – تدریس کردن و درس خواندن ) گاهی در این حالت استفاده می شوند . اگر چه آنها غیر استمراری نیستند .
IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past Perfect
Unlike with the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary
بر خلاف زمان حال کامل ، استفاده از کلمات و اصطلاحات زمانی خاص همراه با افعال گذشته کامل امکان پذیر است. اما ضروری نیست .
Example:
She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
MOREOVER
If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when “before” or “after” is used in the sentence. The words “before” and “after” actually tell you what happens first, so the Past Perfect is optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct
اگر یک عملی که با گذشته کامل از آن یاد می شود در زمان مشخصی اتفاق افتاده باشد می توان از افعال گذشته ساده نیز به جاب آن استفاده کرد به طوری که کلمات « before » و « after» در جمله استفاده شده باشند. این کلمات در واقع به شما می گویند که کدام اول زودتر اتفاق افتاده است . به این دلیل ، هر دو جمله زیر صحیح هستند :
:Examples
She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
HOWEVER
If the Past Perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, Past Perfect is not optional. Compare the examples below. Here Past Perfect is referring to a lack of experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason, Simple Past cannot be used
اگر فعل شما به اتفاقی که در زمان خاصی در گذشته افتاده است اشاره نکند ، در این حالت استفاده از گذشته ساده به جای گذشته کامل انتخابی نمی باشد . در اینجا گذشته کامل به عدم تجربه چیزی در یک زمان خاص در گذشته اشاره می کند پس گذشته ساده نمی تواند جایگزین شود :
Examples:
She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct
She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct
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